These risk factors include unfavourable urban environment ( Vassos et al., 2016), immigration and ethnic minority ( Bourque, 2011) obstetric and pregnancy complications ( Cannon et al., 2002), and exposure to industrial chemicals such as lead and mercury ( Grandjean and Landrigan, 2014) but also protective factors such as stimulating home environments ( Bradley et al., 1989) and healthy diets ( Cohen et al., 2016) that may benefit brain development and child behavior.
Research into the environmental factors for behavioral disorders has found a complex picture of multiple social and physical exposures occurring at different stages of life, in particular during sensitive prenatal and early childhood periods when brain development accelerates ( van Os et al., 2010, Rapoport et al., 2012). Common genetic variants across the genome account for only about 5–25% of behavioral disorder risk in the general population ( Uher and Zwicker, 2017) with small effects from thousands of genetic variants that are contingent on complex environmental interaction. Yet there are large gaps in what we know about the causes of behaviour problems.
Unexpected decreases in behavioral scores were found with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organophosphate (OP) pesticides.Ĭhildhood is a critical stage for the mental health and well-being of individuals with half of all adult neuropsychiatric problems starting by 14 years of age ( World health organization, 2019). During childhood, longer sleep duration, healthy diet and higher family social capital were associated with reduced scores whereas higher exposure to lead, copper, indoor air pollution, unhealthy diet were associated with increased scores. smoking with ADHD index, aMR:1.31 ) among the 13 exposures selected by LASSO, for at least one of the outcomes. During pregnancy, smoking and car traffic showing the strongest associations (e.g. In the 1287 children (mean age 8.0 years), 7.3% had a neuropsychiatric medical diagnosis according to parent’s reports. We applied LASSO penalized negative binomial regression models to identify which exposures were associated with the outcomes, while adjusting for co-exposures.
Parent-reported behavioral problems included (1) internalizing, (2) externalizing scores, using the child behavior checklist (CBCL), and (3) the Conner’s Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) index, all outcomes being discrete raw counts. We measured 88 prenatal and 123 childhood environmental factors, including outdoor, indoor, chemical, lifestyle and social exposures. At 6–11 years, children underwent a follow-up to characterize their exposures and assess behavioral problems. We used data from the HELIX (Human Early Life Exposome) project, which was based on six longitudinal population-based birth cohorts in Europe.
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